Letter 1

John II (Pope)Unknown|pope john ii
From: Pope John II, Bishop of Rome
To: Emperor Justinian I
Date: ~534 AD
Context: John II writes to Justinian on the Theopaschite controversy — Justinian had proposed the formula "one of the Trinity suffered in the flesh," which John approves, marking a rapprochement between Rome and Constantinople after the Acacian Schism.

John, bishop of Rome, to the most pious and glorious Emperor Justinian.

Among the blessings that God has bestowed on this age, your Piety's zeal for the orthodox faith holds a preeminent place, and we can only give thanks that the shepherd of the church has in the emperor of Rome a partner whose theological seriousness matches his political power.

On the specific question you have raised: the formula "one of the Trinity suffered in the flesh" is correct. It is not, as some have argued, a concession to the Monophysites; it is the Chalcedonian definition expressed with particular precision about the identity of the one who suffered. The divine Son, the second person of the Trinity, is the same person as Jesus Christ who was crucified. To say otherwise — to suggest that a mere human being suffered while the divine Son remained above suffering — is actually closer to Nestorianism than to Chalcedon.

The bishops who have raised objections to this formula are, I believe, responding to a misunderstanding. They read "one of the Trinity suffered" as implying that the divine nature suffered, which would be wrong. The formula means that the divine person suffered in and through his human nature, which Chalcedon establishes.

I confirm the formula and ask that it be understood and promoted in this sense.

John, bishop, servant of the servants of God

Modern English rendering for readability. See the 19th-century translation or original Latin/Greek for scholarly use.