From: Paulinus, bishop of Nola
To: Sulpicius Severus, monk and writer
Date: ~415 AD
Context: Severus asked Paulinus to send painted portraits of himself and Therasia. Paulinus responds with a profound meditation on the image of God, the earthly versus the heavenly body, and the impossibility of painting the soul.
To my holy brother and kindred spirit Severus,
The blessed Apostle was told, "Your great learning is driving you mad" [Acts 26:24]. The madness, of course, belonged to those who said it — men too empty of faith to recognize the wisdom of God that Paul was proclaiming, which seemed foolishness to them because it was Christ himself [1 Corinthians 1:23]. Now, though by Christ's grace I am nothing like those faithless men to whom the great teacher of health appeared insane, still, taking the liberty that our close bond allows — a bond forged in our shared faith — I will borrow the words, if not the spirit, and say: Severus, my dear Severus, your great love has made you nearly delirious, and toward me — a man who is small not in years but in understanding — you are like a grandfather doting on a late-born grandchild. With all due respect to your good judgment, your love has made you foolish.
For what am I supposed to say to that request of yours — ordering me to have portraits of us painted and sent to you? I beg you, by the depths of love itself: what kind of comfort are you looking for in empty images? What kind of likeness do you want me to send? That of the earthly man, or the heavenly one [1 Corinthians 15:49]? I know it is the imperishable form you desire — the one the heavenly King loves in you. For the only image of mine you could truly need is the one in whose likeness you yourself were made: the image in which you love your neighbor as yourself and wish for no superiority over me, so that nothing between us appears unequal. But I — poor and grieving man that I am, still crusted with the filth of the earthly image, resembling the first Adam far more than the second in my carnal senses and earthly conduct — how could I dare to paint myself for you? When the corruption of earth proves that I fall short of the heavenly image? Shame hems me in on both sides: I blush to paint what I am; I dare not paint what I am not. I hate what I am and am not yet what I love.
But what good does it do this wretch to hate wickedness and love virtue if what I hate clings to me and what I love flees from me? I cannot be rid of what I loathe unless I grasp what I desire. And how shall I grasp it? By pleasing God, so that his image may shine in me, and that likeness which is drawn not by the painter's hand but by the Lord's may settle upon my face. Let us speak plainly: which portrait do you really want? If you ask for the image we ought to have — the one formed not by human hands but by the mind of God — then pray for me, that the Lord may be my painter and make his own likeness, which our sins have smeared and shadowed, appear again in us, shining and clear.
You know the image I mean — that form which bears neither the pigment of the painter nor the squalor of the sinner, but gleams with the pure light of simplicity and grace. Look for that Paulinus in these features, and ask the Lord, with the same love that prompted your request, to make your wish come true: to paint in me the face that would make you glad.
For we can no more send you the portrait of the new man than suppress the portrait of the old. Do not demand from me an image I would gladly claim but cannot yet honestly display. Ask instead from the Lord, who can both renew the hidden man and transform the outer one. What point is there in my sending you a portrait on a panel — a surface image of a surface man — when what you really want to see is the likeness of the soul? You want to see me as the Lord sees me; pray then that I become fit to be seen.
XXX. SANCTO FRATRI ET VNANIMO SEVERO PAVLINVB.
Beato apostolo dictum est: multae litterae te ad insaniam
perduxerunt. in quo illorum uera insania apparet,
quibus sapientia dei, quam Paulus loquebatur, stultitia erat,
quia uacui fide ueritatis intellegere non merebantur sapientiam
dei, Christum. at ego quamuis propitio Christo ab illorum persona
discrepem, quorum infidelitati insanire ille sanitatis magister
uidebatur, tamen unanimitatis licentia, quae mihi tecum
de unanimitate fidei est artior, usurpabo uerbi, non animi similitudinem,
ut dicam: Seuere, mi Seuere, multa te caritas
pene delirum facit, et circa me non aetate sed sensu paruulum
tuum tamquam auus circa serum nepotem nimia pietate,
quod tamen pace prudentiae tuae dixerim, stultus effoceris.
Quid enim tibi de illa petitione respondeam, qua imagines
nostras pingi tibi mittique iussisti? obsecro itaque te per
3] (Luc. 16, 24). 9] Act. 26, 24. 11] (I Cor. 1, 23).
2 refrigeremur Ll 5 corenę 01 6 consortium] oro ut ualeas add.
P\'u, oro ut ualeas oro ut ualeas add. F . — explicit epistola nona F,
explicit L, finit ad seuerum X. 0.
FLMOPU . — incipit septima eiusdem F, item epistola eiusdem ad
eundem Vl. L, ad sulpitium seuerum - XIIII. M, incipit ad eundem
VIII. 0, epistola sancti paulini episcopi ad seuerum monachum ubi eum
benigna humanitate reprehendit: eo quod nimia uictus dilectione sui uultus
ymaginem pictam petebat ab eo simi transmicti U 8 unanio F
9 paulo apostolo FU 10 perduxere U 14 infidelitate 0 15 unitatis
F 17 pr . Seuere om. U 18 delerum PU 19 tuum] tu enim
FP\'U seruum Fx 20 effeceris Fl
uiscera caritatis, quae amoris ueri solatia de inanibus formis
petis? qualem cupis ut mittamus imaginem tibi? terreni hominis
an caelestis? scio quia tu illam incorruptibilem speciem
concupiscis, quam in te rex caelestis adamauit. neque enim
alia potest tibi a nobis necessaria esse quam illa forma, ad
quam ipse formatus es, qua proximum iuxta te diligas nulloque
te nobis excellere uelis, ne quid inter nos inaequale
uideatur. sed pauper ego et dolens, quia adhuc terrenae imaginis
squalore concretus sum et plus de primo quam de
secundo Adam carneis sensibus et terrenis actibus refero,
quomodo tibi audebo me pingere, cum caelestis imaginem infitiari
prober corruptione terrena? utrimque me concludit pudor:
erubesco pingere quod sum, non audeo pingere quod non sum;
odi quod sum et non sum quod amo. sed quid mihi misero
proderit odisse iniquitatem et amare uirtutem, cum id potius
agam quod odi nec elaborem piger id potius agere quod
amo? ipse discors mei intestino bello distrahor, dum spiritus
aduersus carnem et caro aduersus spiritum dimicat,
et lex corporis lege peccati legem mentis inpugnat. infelix
ego, qui uenenatum inimicae arboris gustum nec crucis
ligno digessi! durat enim mihi illud ab Adam uirus paternum,
quo uniuersitatem generis sui pater praeuaricatus infecit, ut
qui naturali bono oculos mentis apertos innocentiae et iniquitati
clausos habebam, letalem prudentiam boni malique (mali)
delectu de infausto nemoris interdicti cibo caecatus pariter et
male luminatus haurirem.
Atque utinam hoc saltem remedio crimen inlicitae concupiscentiae
diluissem, ut accepta per gustum nocentem boni
2] (I Cor. 15, 47). 8] (Ps. 68, 30). 17] Gal. 5, 17. 19] (Rom.
7,13). 22] (Gen. 3, 6). 28] (Gen. 2, 9).
1 solacia P 4 enim om. FPU 6 ipse om. U qua] quam OPl,
per quam FP\'U 8 qui M 9 conceptus U quam om. 0 secundo
quam de primo FPU 11 caelestis] hominis add. M s. I. m. 2
17 ipso 0 discor U 18 aduersum spiritum 0 20 nec] non FPU
q:
24 mali M lq; m. 2) mali addidi, om . w 25 delectu v, dilectu 0, delectum
cet . interdicti nemoris M interdicto L1 27 saltim L
licitae FPU 28 deluissem 0 innocentem 0 boni malique LM
et mali scientia bonum potius elegissem! praesertim cum
salutare consilium dei suadentis audissem, ut aqua et igne,
uita et morte propositis ad aquam potius manum mitterem et
uitae munus eligerem. sed de insipientiae crimine mihi culpa
creuit audaciae, quod cum et boni electum accepissem, malui
quod nocebat adpetere. quae ergo misero mihi subpetit uenia
peccati, cui ignorantiae excusatio non remansit? agnoui bonum,
et feci malum, cum aeque mihi liberum esset bonum facere,
nisi utilitatem animae contempsissem uitio uoluntatis, qua id
quod non expediebat admisi, dum non tempero quod licebat.
propterea iuste illos innocentiae oculos, quibus malum non
uidebam, perdidi et istos inuicem, quibus peccatum agnoscitur
in poenam conscientiae, iniquitatis accepi.
Nam et uidisse primos generis humani parentes et non
uidisse scriptura declarat. uidit enim mulier arborem quia
bona ad manducandum, et grata erat oculis ad uidendum.
uidit, inquit; ergo habebat oculos. et quid deinde subtexit?
cum manducassent, inquit, aperti sunt oculi eorum.
ergo caeci fuerant. unde aduertimus, quoniam non
potest in eodem corpore simul conuenire caecitas et uisus
oculorum, sed certe est quoddam caecum in nobis et uidenti-
. bus et econtra etiam in caecis uidens. propter quod arbitror
illud a domino esse dictum: in iudicium ego ueni in hunc
mundum, ut qui non uident uideant et qui uident
caeci fiant. uenit enim in hunc mundum quaerere
quod perierat et reluminare quod caecatum fuerat. denique
huius medici egens homo in propheta clamat: inlumina tenebras
meas, domine. etenim misericors et miserator
15] Gen. 3, 6. 18] Gen. 3, 7. 23] Ioh. 9, 39. 25] Luc. 19, 10.
26] (Ioh. 8, 12). 27] Ps. 17, 29. 28] Ps. 111, 4.
A
1 prertim U 2 dei consilium LM aqua et igne om. 0 3 quam L
5 et om. F boni] et mali add. LM 6 subpetet 0 7 ignorantia 0
9 quia 0 11 iuxta FPU 14 bumaui generis FMPU 17 subteit F
18 inquid 0 21 est] esse fort . 22 et e contrario P 28 a domino
illud FPU 24 ut] et F 27 medici] modi LM 28 miserator et
misericors M
dominus, qui in tenebris caecitatis humanae lumen exortum
est, ut erigeret elisos, solueret conpeditos, inluminaret
caecos, quomodo caecandis uidentibus uenerat? atqui in
euangelio docemur illum multis caecis uisum redonasse, nemini
sustulisse. sed sicut scriptum est in lege: ego occidam,
et ego uiuere faciam, sicut etiam in euangelio, quia
ipse positus est in ruinam et in resurrectionem multorum,
ita et illud est: in iudicium ueni in hunc mundum,
ut qui non uident uideant et uidentes caeci
fiant. uenit ergo dominus, ut uetera transirent et noua orirentur.
et inpletum est quod dixerat: ego occidam et uiuere
faciam, quia ueterem nostrum hominem adsumendo interfecit,
adfigens illum cruci, dispolians se carne transduxit
principatus et potestates libere, triumphans
eum in semet ipso, et uiuificauit nouum ex resurrectione
mortuorum, adscendens in altum et conlocans eum in caelestibus.
Sic ergo uenit, ut inluminarentur caeci et caecarentur
uidentes, ut oculi nostri qui in transgressionem aperti fuerant
caecarentur et uicissim qui caecati fuerant aperirentur. bene
enim caecus sum, si non uideo peccatum, et bene oculatus, si
cerno iustitiam. ora ergo, mi frater, ut utrumque in me operetur
dominus, caecet uidentem meum, ne uideam uanitatem,
et inluminet non uidentem, ut uideam aequitates. occidat in
me ueterem hominem cum actibus suis, ut reflorescat
in Christo caro mea et renouetur sicut aquilae iuuentus
mea. haec est enim mutatio dexterae excelsi, cum inmutabimur
a nobis in illum hominem, qui secundum deum
2] (Ps. 145, 8). (Luc. 7, 21). 5] Deut. 32, 39. 7] Luc. 2, 34.
8] loh. 9, 39. 10] (Apoc. 21, 5). 11] Deut. 32, 39. 13] Col. 2,15.
16] Eph. 2, 6. 24] (Ps. 118, 37). 25] Col. 3, 9. 26] Ps. 102, 5.
27] Ps. 76, 11. 28] Eph. 4, 24.
2 et solueret F 3 atque FPU 9 uident] qui uident M 11 alt . et]
ego LM v 13 illud L despolians LM traduxit LM v 15 uiuicanit
U 23 meum LMPv, in eum 0, eum FU uideam OPv, uideat
cet . 24 et om. FPU uideam Ov, uideat cet . 27 imutamur LM
creatus est, cuius imago caelestis est, deponentes eum
qui corrumpitur secundum desideria erroris. huius imaginem
in me, quaeso, deus conterat et ad nihilum redigat
imaginem nostram id est terrenam in ciuitate circumstantiae
et instauret in nobis atque perficiat imaginem suam, in qua
nos pingi non pudet, quam praeferentes uere dicamus: defecit
cor meum et caro mea, deus cordis mei et pars
mea deus in saecula. cum enim bona commutatione, quae
est homini dexterae excelsi, defecerit cor meum et caro mea
id est actus uoluntatis et fructus carnis meae, tum iam ut a
corporeis nexibus liber et a meo corde purgatus dicere audeam:
deus cordis mei et pars mea deus in saecula. utinam
conpleatur in me uerbum illud euangelici Symeonis, ut fiat
mihi Christus in ruinam et resurrectionem, ruina exteriori
meo et interiori resurrectio, ut cadat in me peccatum,
quod anima cadente consistit, et exurgat ille inmortalis, qui
cecidit exurgente peccato. exterioris enim status interioris casus
est, et ideo quando infirmatur exterior, qui intus est
renouatur de die in diem. quo genere perfectus magister
ait: quando infirmor, tunc potens sum.
Gratias autem domino, quod perenni magis et uiuente
pictura imagines nostras non in tabulis putribilibus neque
ceris liquentibus, sed in tabulis carnalibus cordis tui
pinxit, ubi nos inpressos et animae tuae conformatos fidei et
gratiae unitate custodiens, non solum istic sed etiam in aeterno
saeculo indiuidua semperque praesenti contemplatione conspicies.
hic etiam, si tantus amor est uisibilia quoque captare
1] Eph. 4, 22. 3] (I Cor. 15, 49). 5] (Ps. 72, 20). 6] Ps. 72,26.
8] (Ps. 76, 11). 12] Ps. 72, 26. 14] Luc. 2, 34. 18] II Cor. 4, 16.
20] II Cor. 12,10. 23] II Cor. 3, 3.
2 corruptus est M 4 circuminstantiae 0 6 deficit U 9 dextere
0, a dextera cet . 10 actus uoluntatis om. U iam om. U ut a] ita
FPU 11 corporis FP 13 euangelii F simeonis FLU 14 et] et
in LM 21 domino 0 v, deo cet . peremi U 23 cereis F 24 imprexos
U fide FOPU 25 istic Ov et fort. Ml, ista cd . 26 conspiciens
FO U
solatia, poteris per magistras animi tui lineas uel inperitis aut
ignorantibus nos dictare pictoribus, memoriam illis tuam, in qua
nos habes pictos, uelut imitanda de conspicuis adsidentium
uultibus ora proponens. sed si forte ad intellectum uerbi tui
inscitior manus artis errauerit, dissimiles pinget aliis, tibi tamen
nos semper animo consideranti et conplectenti, quoslibet uultus
sub nostro nomine inperitia sua pinxerit, tamen tua conscientia
nos erimus.
◆
From:Paulinus, bishop of Nola
To:Sulpicius Severus, monk and writer
Date:~415 AD
Context:Severus asked Paulinus to send painted portraits of himself and Therasia. Paulinus responds with a profound meditation on the image of God, the earthly versus the heavenly body, and the impossibility of painting the soul.
To my holy brother and kindred spirit Severus,
The blessed Apostle was told, "Your great learning is driving you mad" [Acts 26:24]. The madness, of course, belonged to those who said it — men too empty of faith to recognize the wisdom of God that Paul was proclaiming, which seemed foolishness to them because it was Christ himself [1 Corinthians 1:23]. Now, though by Christ's grace I am nothing like those faithless men to whom the great teacher of health appeared insane, still, taking the liberty that our close bond allows — a bond forged in our shared faith — I will borrow the words, if not the spirit, and say: Severus, my dear Severus, your great love has made you nearly delirious, and toward me — a man who is small not in years but in understanding — you are like a grandfather doting on a late-born grandchild. With all due respect to your good judgment, your love has made you foolish.
For what am I supposed to say to that request of yours — ordering me to have portraits of us painted and sent to you? I beg you, by the depths of love itself: what kind of comfort are you looking for in empty images? What kind of likeness do you want me to send? That of the earthly man, or the heavenly one [1 Corinthians 15:49]? I know it is the imperishable form you desire — the one the heavenly King loves in you. For the only image of mine you could truly need is the one in whose likeness you yourself were made: the image in which you love your neighbor as yourself and wish for no superiority over me, so that nothing between us appears unequal. But I — poor and grieving man that I am, still crusted with the filth of the earthly image, resembling the first Adam far more than the second in my carnal senses and earthly conduct — how could I dare to paint myself for you? When the corruption of earth proves that I fall short of the heavenly image? Shame hems me in on both sides: I blush to paint what I am; I dare not paint what I am not. I hate what I am and am not yet what I love.
But what good does it do this wretch to hate wickedness and love virtue if what I hate clings to me and what I love flees from me? I cannot be rid of what I loathe unless I grasp what I desire. And how shall I grasp it? By pleasing God, so that his image may shine in me, and that likeness which is drawn not by the painter's hand but by the Lord's may settle upon my face. Let us speak plainly: which portrait do you really want? If you ask for the image we ought to have — the one formed not by human hands but by the mind of God — then pray for me, that the Lord may be my painter and make his own likeness, which our sins have smeared and shadowed, appear again in us, shining and clear.
You know the image I mean — that form which bears neither the pigment of the painter nor the squalor of the sinner, but gleams with the pure light of simplicity and grace. Look for that Paulinus in these features, and ask the Lord, with the same love that prompted your request, to make your wish come true: to paint in me the face that would make you glad.
For we can no more send you the portrait of the new man than suppress the portrait of the old. Do not demand from me an image I would gladly claim but cannot yet honestly display. Ask instead from the Lord, who can both renew the hidden man and transform the outer one. What point is there in my sending you a portrait on a panel — a surface image of a surface man — when what you really want to see is the likeness of the soul? You want to see me as the Lord sees me; pray then that I become fit to be seen.
Modern English rendering for readability. See the 19th-century translation or original Latin/Greek for scholarly use.