Letter 8

UnknownEmperor Valentinian|c. 383 AD|ambrose milan
education booksfamine plagueimperial politicsproperty economicsslavery captivity
From: Ambrose, Bishop of Milan
To: Emperor Valentinian II
Date: ~384 AD
Context: Ambrose's famous reply to the Memorial of Symmachus — a point-by-point rebuttal of the pagan senator's plea to restore the Altar of Victory, including his brilliant counter to Symmachus's personification of Roma herself speaking for her ancient rites.

Ambrose, Bishop, to the most blessed prince and most merciful Emperor Valentinian.

When the illustrious Symmachus, Prefect of the City, submitted his memorial to your Clemency requesting that the altar removed from the Roman Senate house be restored to its place, you, Emperor — though still young in years — proved yourself a veteran of the faith and rejected the pagans' petition. At the moment I learned of it, I submitted a formal objection and requested a copy of the memorial. Now I reply to it in full.

I ask only this: do not expect elegance of language, but the force of the argument. "The tongue of the wise," as Scripture teaches [Sirach 6:5], "is golden" — and golden words, glittering with fine rhetoric as with precious color, dazzle the mind's eye and captivate the unwary. But if you handle this gold more carefully, you find that it is only gilt on the outside. Turn the pagan argument over in your hands, examine it closely: impressive words, magnificent phrases — but the substance is hollow. They talk about God while worshipping statues.

Symmachus made three main arguments. First, that Rome herself — personified as an old woman — begs for her ancient rites. Second, that the Vestal Virgins and pagan priests deserve their traditional subsidies. Third, that the famine that followed the removal of their privileges was divine punishment for abandoning the old gods.

I will take them in order.

Rome speaks? Very well — let her speak. But the Rome I hear is not the trembling crone of Symmachus's rhetoric, begging for the return of her superstitions. The Rome I hear is a city that has learned better. She says: "Do not blush to be converted in your old age. There is no shame in learning wisdom late. I once believed those rites were necessary; I was wrong. I turned my temples red with the blood of animals, I bowed before dead stones, I honored gods who were demons. Now I have been taught better. I am ashamed of my past, not proud of it. I do not beg for my old errors to be restored. I beg you to leave them buried."

If length of custom were an argument for truth, then the world should have remained in darkness forever. Every reform begins by defying custom. Every truth begins as an innovation.

As for the Vestal Virgins: Symmachus praises them as paragons of chastity maintained by public subsidy. I answer: our virgins serve God without pay. They receive no estates, no allowances, no tax exemptions. They are sustained by fasting, and their virginity is not purchased but freely given. The Vestals are a handful of women, bribed with privileges to maintain an artificial purity. The church produces thousands of virgins who serve for love alone. Which is the nobler institution?

As for the famine: this is easily answered. The year the pagan subsidies were removed was followed by an abundant harvest across Africa. The famine of the following year had nothing to do with the gods — it was caused by drought in specific provinces, a natural disaster that affected pagan and Christian territories alike. If the gods punished Rome for removing the altar, why did they punish their own faithful provinces equally? The argument refutes itself.

I say this without malice toward Symmachus personally — he is a man of eloquence and dignity. But eloquence in the service of error is more dangerous than honest stupidity. The altar must not return. The faith of your father and your brother stands as your inheritance and your obligation.

The God of the Christians does not share his altar.

Modern English rendering for readability. See the 19th-century translation or original Latin/Greek for scholarly use.

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