Letter 7

UnknownEmperor Valentinian|c. 382 AD|ambrose milan
imperial politicsproperty economics
From: Ambrose, Bishop of Milan
To: Emperor Valentinian II
Date: ~384 AD
Context: One of Ambrose's most important letters — he warns the young emperor not to restore the Altar of Victory to the Roman Senate house, a cause championed by the pagan senator Symmachus. The letter is a masterclass in episcopal authority confronting imperial power.

Ambrose, Bishop, to the most blessed prince and most Christian Emperor Valentinian.

All men who live under Roman rule serve you, the emperors and princes of the world. But you yourselves serve Almighty God and the holy faith. There is no other path to salvation: everyone must worship the true God — the God of the Christians, who governs all things — in truth and from the heart. "For the gods of the nations are demons," as Scripture says [Psalm 96:5].

Whoever serves this true God, whoever receives and worships him in his inmost spirit, offers not pretense or evasion but earnest faith and devotion. At the very least, he ought not to lend support to the worship of idols or to profane ceremonies. No one deceives God, from whom all things — even the hidden things of the heart — lie open.

Since this is so, most Christian Emperor, I am astonished that certain people have conceived the hope that you would order the restoration of pagan altars and provide funds for profane sacrifices. What has long been confiscated by the treasury would now appear to be given from your own resources rather than returned from theirs.

They complain about their losses — these men who never spared our blood, who tore down the very buildings of our churches. They demand privileges — the same people who, under Julian's recent law [Emperor Julian "the Apostate," who briefly tried to restore paganism in 361-363], denied Christians the common right of speaking and teaching. Those privileges were traps: they used them to lure Christians, partly through carelessness, partly to escape the burdens of public service. Under Christian emperors, many fell.

But these things have already been abolished. They have been prohibited and forbidden by numerous emperors throughout nearly the whole world. Are you, Valentinian, to restore what your father condemned and your brother abolished?

Do not think this is a private concern. It is a matter of faith. If you grant what they ask, you will be making offerings to idols with public money — offerings that our consciences cannot accept. I say this plainly: if such a decree is issued, the bishops cannot pretend to ignore it. You may enter the church, but you will find either no priest to receive you, or one who stands against you.

What will you answer when a priest says to you: "The church does not want your gifts, because you have adorned pagan temples with gifts. The altar of Christ rejects your offering, because you have made an offering to the altar of idols. Your voice, your hands, your lips have participated in the sin of the pagans. How can we accept the offering of those same hands for Christ?"

Consider your father Gratian of blessed memory. When he learned that the Altar of Victory still stood in the Senate house, he ordered it removed. He refused even to answer the pagan deputation. Your brother did the same. Are you, the youngest, to undo what your father and brother established?

I urge you, Emperor: do not despise this counsel. I write not as an adversary but as a bishop whose duty it is to warn you. If you will not hear me as a counselor, then hear me as an intercessor. But hear me you must.

The petition claiming to come from the Senate was not signed by the Christian senators, who are the majority. The pagans are using the Senate's name without its consent. This alone should be enough to reject the memorial.

I appeal to you in the name of your father, in the name of your brother, in the name of the faith they professed: do not betray what they defended. The altar must not be restored.

Modern English rendering for readability. See the 19th-century translation or original Latin/Greek for scholarly use.

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