Letter 18

UnknownThe usurper Eugenius|c. 397 AD|ambrose milan
imperial politicsproperty economics
From: Ambrose, Bishop of Milan
To: The usurper Eugenius
Date: ~393 AD
Context: [This is the same letter as ID 1151 — a duplicate entry in the database. The same modern translation applies.]

[Note: This letter is a duplicate of Ambrose's letter to Eugenius (Letter 57). See the translation of that letter above. The database contains two entries for the same text.]

Ambrose, Bishop, to the most merciful Emperor Eugenius.

The reason I withdrew from Milan was the fear of God. I direct all my actions, as far as I am able, toward God. I never turn my mind from him, and I am accustomed to value no man's favor above the grace of Christ. I do no one an injustice when I put God before all. Trusting in him, I do not hesitate to tell you emperors what I think. What I did not keep silent before other emperors, I will not keep silent before you.

Let me review the relevant facts. When the illustrious Symmachus, as Prefect of the City, petitioned the Emperor Valentinian of blessed memory to restore subsidies to the pagan temples, Symmachus acted according to his own beliefs. I, as bishop, recognized my duty and submitted two formal objections — making clear that a Christian ruler could not fund pagan sacrifices, that this would not be restoring what had been taken but giving a personal gift to superstition, and that if the emperor proceeded, he should expect the church to stand against him.

Those subsidies were not restored under Valentinian. They were not restored under Theodosius. But now, under your rule, they have been granted — not by the authority of the full Senate, but through the influence of pagan individuals.

You have not feared God in this matter. You have not considered what others will think of you. You have funded the worship of demons with public money. This is why I could not write to you when you first came to power, and why I could not remain in Milan to greet you. My silence was not an oversight. It was a judgment.

I will use with you the same freedom I have always used with emperors. The consequences of hearing the truth belong to you. The obligation to speak it belongs to me.

Modern English rendering for readability. See the 19th-century translation or original Latin/Greek for scholarly use.

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