Unknown→The usurper Eugenius|c. 393 AD|ambrose milan
grief deathimperial politics
From: Ambrose, Bishop of Milan
To: The usurper Eugenius
Date: ~393 AD
Context: A fearless rebuke to the usurper who had seized power in the West — Ambrose explains why he left Milan before Eugenius arrived, and condemns his restoration of pagan temple funding with the same arguments he had used against Symmachus a decade earlier.
Ambrose, Bishop, to the most merciful Emperor Eugenius.
The reason I withdrew from Milan was the fear of God. I direct all my actions, as far as I am able, toward God; I never turn my mind away from him; and I am accustomed to value no man's favor more highly than the grace of Christ. I do no one an injustice when I put God before everyone else. Trusting in him, I do not hesitate to tell you emperors what I think. What I did not keep silent before other emperors, I will not keep silent before you. Let me review the facts in order.
When the illustrious Symmachus was Prefect of the City, he submitted a memorial to the Emperor Valentinian of blessed memory, asking that the subsidies taken from the pagan temples be restored. Symmachus performed his role according to his own beliefs and devotion. I, as a bishop, had to perform mine. I submitted two petitions to the emperors, making clear that a Christian ruler could not restore funds for pagan sacrifices — that I had not been the one to take them away, but I would certainly oppose their being restored; that if the emperor funded idol-worship, it would appear to be a personal gift, not a repayment; and finally, that if he did it, he should either not come to church, or expect to find no priest willing to receive him, or find one standing in opposition.
The result: those subsidies were not restored under Valentinian. Nor were they restored under Theodosius. Yet now I learn that, under your rule, they have been granted — not by the authority of the Senate, but by the intercession of pagan individuals, and paid from public funds.
I grieve for this, not out of personal hostility, but out of duty. You have not feared God. You have not considered how others will judge you. The funds you have granted are used for sacrifices to demons. A Christian emperor — even one whose legitimacy rests on shaky ground — cannot afford to be seen financing the worship of false gods.
Consider the example of the Hebrews. When they turned to idol worship, the anger of God fell upon them — not because he was weak, but because he demanded exclusive worship. "You shall have no other gods before me" [Exodus 20:3]. The same God rules over you, and the same demand applies.
This is why I did not write to you when you first took power. I did not acknowledge your reign with the customary episcopal greeting — because I could not welcome a man who was undoing what faithful emperors had established. I tell you this openly now, so that you understand my silence was not oversight but principle.
I intend to use the same freedom with you that I have used with other emperors. Whether you receive it well or badly is your affair. My obligation is to speak the truth. The consequences belong to God.
EPISTOLA LVII.
EUGENIO cur eum Mediolani non exspectaverit, explicat: deinde iis quae sub Valentiniano et Theodosio relationis Symmachi occasione facta fuerant, recensitis, eumdem tyrannum quod sumptus idolorum templis concedendo, nec Dei timorem, nec aliorum de se existimationem ante oculos habuerit, libere arguit; oppositoque ipsius praevaricationi Hebraeorum exemplo, hanc ait fuisse causam cur ad eum non rescripserit; se tamen in posterum libertate, quam apud alios principes adhibuerit, cum eodem usurum.
Clementissimo imperatori EUGENIO AMBROSIUS episcopus.
1. Secessionis mihi causa timor Domini fuit, ad quem omnes actus meos, quantum queo, dirigere, neque umquam ab eo mentem deflectere, nec pluris facere cujusvis hominis, quam Christi gratiam consuevi. Nemini enim facio injuriam, si omnibus Deum praefero; et confidens in ipso, non vereor vobis imperatoribus dicere, quae pro meo captu sentio. Itaque quod apud alios imperatores non tacui, nec apud te, clementissime Imperator, tacebo. Atque ut ordinem rerum custodiam, strictim recensebo, quae ad hoc spectant negotium.
2. Retulerat vir amplissimus Symmachus, cum esset praefectus Urbis, ad Valentinianum augustae memoriae imperatorem juniorem, ut templis, quae sublata fuerant, reddi juberet. Functus est ille partibus suis pro studio et cultu suo. Utique etiam ego episcopus partes meas debui recognoscere. Dedi libellos imperatoribus duos, quibus significarem sumptus sacrificiorum christianum virum non posse reddere: et non fuisse quidem me auctorem, cum tollerentur; auctorem tamen fieri, quominus decernerentur: deinde quia dare eos ipse simulacris videretur, non reddere. Quod enim ipse non abstulerat, non quasi ipse reddebat: sed arbitratu proprio largiebatur ad superstitionis impensas. Postremo si fecisset, aut non veniret ad Ecclesiam, aut si veniret, futurum ut aut sacerdotem non inveniret, aut inveniret sibi in Ecclesia resistentem. Nec ad excusationem obtendi posse, quod esset catechumenus; cum non liceat etiam catechumenis sumptus idolis subministrare.
3. Lecti sunt libelli mei in consistorio, aderat amplissimus honore magisterii militaris Bauto comes, et Rumoridus, et ipse ejusdem dignitatis gentilium nationum cultui inserviens a primis pueritiae suae annis. Valentinianus tunc temporis audivit suggestionem meam, nec fecit aliud, nisi quod fidei nostrae ratio poscebat. Acquieverunt etiam comiti suo.
1011 4. Postea etiam clementissimo imperatori Theodosio coram intimavi, atque in os dicere non dubitavi, cui intimata senatus legatione hujusmodi, licet non totus senatus poposcerit, insinuationi meae tandem assensionem detulit, et sic aliquibus ad ipsum non accessi diebus, nec moleste tulit; quia non pro meis commodis faciebam, sed quod et ipsi, et animae meae proderat, in conspectu regis loqui non confundebar (Psal. CXVIII, 46).
5. Iterum Valentiniano augustae memoriae principi, legatio a senatu missa intra Gallias, nihil extorquere potuit: et certe aberam, nec aliquid tunc ad eum scripseram.
6. Sed ubi clementia tua imperii suscepit gubernacula, compertum est postea donata illa esse praecellentibus in republica, sed gentilis observantiae viris; et fortasse dicatur, Imperator auguste, qui ipse non templis reddideris, sed bene meritis de te donaveris. Verum nosti pro Dei timore agendum esse constanter, quod etiam pro libertate frequenter fit non solum a sacerdotibus; sed etiam ab his qui vobis militant, aut in numero habentur provincialium. Te imperante, petierunt legati, ut templis redderes, non fecisti: iterum alteri postulaverunt, renisus es; et postea ipsis, qui petierunt, donandum putasti.
7. Etsi imperatoria potestas magna sit, tamen considera, Imperator, quantus sit Deus: corda omnium videt, conscientiam interiorem interrogat, novit omnia, antequam fiant, novit interna pectoris tui (Act. I, 24; Dan. XIII, 42). Ipsi falli vos non patimini, et Deum vultis celare quidquam? Hoc non cecidit in animum tuum? Quamvis enim illi agebant tam perseveranter, nonne tuum fuit, Imperator, pro Dei summi et veri et vivi veneratione perseverantius obsistere, et negare, quod erat in injuria sacrae legis?
8. Quis invidet, quoniam quae voluisti, aliis donavisti? Non sumus scrutatores vestrae liberalitatis, nec aliorum commodorum invidi; sed sumus interpretes fidei. Quomodo offeres dona tua Christo? Pauci aestimabunt quid feceris; omnes, quid volueris: quidquid illi fecerint, tuum erit: quidquid non fecerint, suum. Etsi es imperator, Deo subditus magis esse debes. Quomodo sacerdotes Christi tua munera dispensabunt?
9. Fuit hujusmodi quaestio temporibus superioribus; et tamen fidei patrum ipsa cessit persecutio, et gentilitas detulit. Nam (II Mach. IV, 18 et seq.) cum ageretur agon quinquennalis in civitate Tyro, et ad spectandum venisset Antochiae rex sceleratissimus, Jason ordinavit sacrorum procuratores, ut ab Hierosolymis Antiochenses ferrent 1012 didrachmas argenti trecentas, et illas darent ad sacrificium Herculis: verum patres non gentilibus dederunt pecunias, sed viris fidelibus missis, protestarunt non erogari ad deorum sacrificium, quia non congruebat, sed in alios sumptus dari. Et pronuntiatum est, quia ille ad sacrificium Herculis missum dixerat argentum, suscipi quidem debere in id, quod erat missum: sed quia illi, qui detulerant, resistebant pro studio et cultu suo; ut non sacrificio proficerent, sed aliis necessitatibus, traditae sunt pecuniae ad constructionem navium: etsi coacti miserunt, non tamen ad sacrificium, sed ad alios sumptus reipublicae.
10. Denique qui attulerant, utique potuissent tacere: sed laedebant fidem, quia sciebant quo deferrentur; et ideo miserunt viros timentes Deum, qui agerent, ut non templo, sed ad impensas navium, quae missa fuerant, deputarentur. Ipsis enim crediderunt pecunias, qui causas agerent sanctae legis: judex rerum effectus fuit, qui absolvit conscientiam. Si positi in aliena potestate, sic praecavebant, quid te oportuerit facere, o Imperator, dubitari non potest. Tu utique quem nemo cogebat, nemo habebat in potestate, debuisti ab sacerdote consulere.
11. Ego certe quando tunc restiti, etsi solus restiti, tamen non solus volui, nec solus id suasi. Quoniam igitur meis vocibus et apud Deum et apud omnes homines teneor; aliud mihi non licere intellexi, aliud non oportere, nisi ut consulerem mihi; quia non potui tibi credere modeste. Certe diu pressi, diu texi dolorem, nulli quidquam intimandum putavi; dissimulare mihi nunc non licet, tacere liberum non fuit. Ideo etiam in primordiis imperii tui scribenti non rescripsi, quia istud praevidebam futurum. Denique reposcenti litteras, cum ipse non rescriberem, dixi: Haec causa est, quod extorquendum ei arbitror.
12. Tamen ubi causa emersit officii mei, pro his qui sollicitudinem sui gerebant, et scripsi et rogavi; ut ostenderem in causis Dei timorem mihi justum inesse, nec pluris me facere adulationem, quam animam meam: in his vero, in quibus vos rogari decet, etiam me exhibere sedulitatem potestati debitam, sicut et scriptum est: Cui honorem, honorem: cui tributum, tributum (Rom. XIII, 7). Nam cum privato detulerim corde intimo, quomodo non deferrem imperatori? Sed qui vobis deferri vultis, patimini ut deferamus ei, quem imperii vestri vultis auctorem probari.
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From:Ambrose, Bishop of Milan
To:The usurper Eugenius
Date:~393 AD
Context:A fearless rebuke to the usurper who had seized power in the West — Ambrose explains why he left Milan before Eugenius arrived, and condemns his restoration of pagan temple funding with the same arguments he had used against Symmachus a decade earlier.
Ambrose, Bishop, to the most merciful Emperor Eugenius.
The reason I withdrew from Milan was the fear of God. I direct all my actions, as far as I am able, toward God; I never turn my mind away from him; and I am accustomed to value no man's favor more highly than the grace of Christ. I do no one an injustice when I put God before everyone else. Trusting in him, I do not hesitate to tell you emperors what I think. What I did not keep silent before other emperors, I will not keep silent before you. Let me review the facts in order.
When the illustrious Symmachus was Prefect of the City, he submitted a memorial to the Emperor Valentinian of blessed memory, asking that the subsidies taken from the pagan temples be restored. Symmachus performed his role according to his own beliefs and devotion. I, as a bishop, had to perform mine. I submitted two petitions to the emperors, making clear that a Christian ruler could not restore funds for pagan sacrifices — that I had not been the one to take them away, but I would certainly oppose their being restored; that if the emperor funded idol-worship, it would appear to be a personal gift, not a repayment; and finally, that if he did it, he should either not come to church, or expect to find no priest willing to receive him, or find one standing in opposition.
The result: those subsidies were not restored under Valentinian. Nor were they restored under Theodosius. Yet now I learn that, under your rule, they have been granted — not by the authority of the Senate, but by the intercession of pagan individuals, and paid from public funds.
I grieve for this, not out of personal hostility, but out of duty. You have not feared God. You have not considered how others will judge you. The funds you have granted are used for sacrifices to demons. A Christian emperor — even one whose legitimacy rests on shaky ground — cannot afford to be seen financing the worship of false gods.
Consider the example of the Hebrews. When they turned to idol worship, the anger of God fell upon them — not because he was weak, but because he demanded exclusive worship. "You shall have no other gods before me" [Exodus 20:3]. The same God rules over you, and the same demand applies.
This is why I did not write to you when you first took power. I did not acknowledge your reign with the customary episcopal greeting — because I could not welcome a man who was undoing what faithful emperors had established. I tell you this openly now, so that you understand my silence was not oversight but principle.
I intend to use the same freedom with you that I have used with other emperors. Whether you receive it well or badly is your affair. My obligation is to speak the truth. The consequences belong to God.
Modern English rendering for readability. See the 19th-century translation or original Latin/Greek for scholarly use.