Letter 15

UnknownThe usurper Eugenius|c. 393 AD|ambrose milan
grief deathimperial politics
From: Ambrose, Bishop of Milan
To: The usurper Eugenius
Date: ~393 AD
Context: A fearless rebuke to the usurper who had seized power in the West — Ambrose explains why he left Milan before Eugenius arrived, and condemns his restoration of pagan temple funding with the same arguments he had used against Symmachus a decade earlier.

Ambrose, Bishop, to the most merciful Emperor Eugenius.

The reason I withdrew from Milan was the fear of God. I direct all my actions, as far as I am able, toward God; I never turn my mind away from him; and I am accustomed to value no man's favor more highly than the grace of Christ. I do no one an injustice when I put God before everyone else. Trusting in him, I do not hesitate to tell you emperors what I think. What I did not keep silent before other emperors, I will not keep silent before you. Let me review the facts in order.

When the illustrious Symmachus was Prefect of the City, he submitted a memorial to the Emperor Valentinian of blessed memory, asking that the subsidies taken from the pagan temples be restored. Symmachus performed his role according to his own beliefs and devotion. I, as a bishop, had to perform mine. I submitted two petitions to the emperors, making clear that a Christian ruler could not restore funds for pagan sacrifices — that I had not been the one to take them away, but I would certainly oppose their being restored; that if the emperor funded idol-worship, it would appear to be a personal gift, not a repayment; and finally, that if he did it, he should either not come to church, or expect to find no priest willing to receive him, or find one standing in opposition.

The result: those subsidies were not restored under Valentinian. Nor were they restored under Theodosius. Yet now I learn that, under your rule, they have been granted — not by the authority of the Senate, but by the intercession of pagan individuals, and paid from public funds.

I grieve for this, not out of personal hostility, but out of duty. You have not feared God. You have not considered how others will judge you. The funds you have granted are used for sacrifices to demons. A Christian emperor — even one whose legitimacy rests on shaky ground — cannot afford to be seen financing the worship of false gods.

Consider the example of the Hebrews. When they turned to idol worship, the anger of God fell upon them — not because he was weak, but because he demanded exclusive worship. "You shall have no other gods before me" [Exodus 20:3]. The same God rules over you, and the same demand applies.

This is why I did not write to you when you first took power. I did not acknowledge your reign with the customary episcopal greeting — because I could not welcome a man who was undoing what faithful emperors had established. I tell you this openly now, so that you understand my silence was not oversight but principle.

I intend to use the same freedom with you that I have used with other emperors. Whether you receive it well or badly is your affair. My obligation is to speak the truth. The consequences belong to God.

Modern English rendering for readability. See the 19th-century translation or original Latin/Greek for scholarly use.

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