Unknown→Emperor Theodosius I|c. 390 AD|ambrose milan
grief deathimperial politics
From: Ambrose, Bishop of Milan
To: Emperor Theodosius
Date: ~390 AD
Context: Perhaps the most consequential letter of Ambrose's career — he confronts Theodosius over the massacre at Thessalonica, where the emperor ordered the slaughter of thousands of civilians in retaliation for a riot, and demands public penance before the emperor can receive communion.
Ambrose, Bishop, to the most august Emperor Theodosius.
The memory of our long friendship is sweet to me, and I gratefully recall the many kindnesses you have shown to those on whose behalf I interceded. You may be confident, then, that it is no ungrateful spirit that has made me avoid your arrival — an arrival that was always, until now, most welcome to me. Let me explain briefly why.
It seemed to me that I alone in your entourage had been stripped of the natural right to hear, and therefore the right to speak. You have been upset more than once that matters discussed in your consistory reached my ears. But I am excluded from the common knowledge that belongs to everyone — since the Lord Jesus says, "Nothing is hidden that will not be made manifest" [Luke 8:17]. I therefore acted with all the deference I could, both to spare you any cause for displeasure and to protect myself: so that if I were present, I would either fail to hear out of fear, or hear and be forced into silence, or hear and speak — and endanger those suspected of having informed me.
What, then, should I have done? Not hear? I cannot plug my ears with the wax of ancient fables. Reveal my sources? I would risk causing bloodshed. Stay silent? That would be the worst of all — my conscience would be bound, my voice stifled.
I must speak to you now about what happened at Thessalonica [in 390 AD, after a popular riot in Thessalonica killed the local military commander, Theodosius ordered a massacre in the hippodrome; estimates of the dead range from 7,000 to 15,000 men, women, and children].
There is no precedent for this — not even among the cruelties of the pagans. I grieve over it not because it happened under your rule, but because you are the sort of man who should never have allowed it. When I heard the first reports, I groaned. Many bishops were present at the time, and they groaned with me. Your guilt is not diminished by the fact that others prompted you to it. It is increased, because an emperor's anger carries consequences that a private citizen's does not.
You are a man of faith. You are generous, devout, and pious in your private life. But this act demands a response, and I cannot pretend otherwise. David was a king after God's own heart, yet when the prophet Nathan told him the story of the rich man who stole the poor man's lamb, David condemned the thief — and Nathan said, "You are the man" [2 Samuel 12:7]. David did not rage. He did not claim imperial privilege. He said, "I have sinned against the Lord." And he did penance.
I ask you to follow David's example. Not because I wish to humiliate you — God knows that is the last thing I want. But because the sacrifice God requires is a broken spirit, and a broken and contrite heart he will not despise [Psalm 51:17].
I cannot offer the sacrifice of the Mass if you are present without having done penance. What is not permitted after the shedding of one innocent person's blood — is it permitted after the shedding of thousands? I do not think so. I dare not. I have been warned, not by human counsel but by a vision in the night: do not offer the sacrifice on this man's behalf until he has repented.
I write this in private, so that you may read it alone before others know. I write it in affection, not in anger. I love you — truly, deeply, as a father loves a son. It is precisely because I love you that I cannot stay silent. The devil who envied your virtue used this moment to bring you low. He must be defeated — and he is defeated not by power but by repentance.
Do penance. It is the only sacrifice I ask, and it is the only one that will make all other sacrifices possible again.
EPISTOLA LI.
Adventum ejus non ingrato affectu se declinare, sed ne tacere cogeretur, aut offensionis causam praeberet. Iracundum esse Theodosium, sed ex se placabilem: ne igitur eum commoveret, valetudinem excusasse. Ingemuisse episcopos caedem Thessalonicensem, proinde in eluenda illa sanctorum imitandam poenitentiam, sine qua peccatum non tollitur. Diabolum qui ei inviderit, vincendum. Non audere se, illo praesente, offerre sacrificium, a quo etiam divinitus fuerit deterritus: at ipsam poenitentiam sacrificium esse. Quod factum ejus non praeverterit, dolere se, quippe qui eum vere diligat.
Augustissimo imperatori THEODOSIO AMBROSIUS episcopus.
1. Et veteris amicitiae dulcis mihi recordatio est, et beneficiorum, quae crebris meis intercessionibus summa gratia in alios contulisti, gratiae memini. Unde colligi potest quod non ingrato aliquo affectu adventum tuum semper mihi antehac exoptatissimum declinare potuerim. Sed qua causa hoc fecerim, breviter expediam.
[0B] 2. Soli mihi in tuo comitatu jus naturae ereptum videbam audiendi, ut et loquendi privarer munere; motus enim frequenter es quod ad me pervenissent aliqua, quae in consistorio tuo statuta forent. Ego ergo expers communis usus sum, cum dicat Dominus Jesus nihil esse occultum, quod non manifestetur (Luc. VIII, 17). Verecundia igitur, qua potui, satisfeci imperiali arbitrio; et prospexi ne aut ipse causam commotionis habeas, cum id egerim, ne quid ad me de imperialibus deferatur statutis: aut ego cum fuero praesens, aut non audiam per metum omnium, et quasi conniventis famam subibo: aut ita audiam, ut mihi aures pateant, vox intercludatur; ut audita non possim eloqui, ne eos qui in suspicionem proditionis venerint, laedam in periculo.
[0C] 3. Quid igitur facerem? Non audirem? Sed aures non possem cera veterum fabularum claudere. Proderem? Sed quod in tuis jussis timerem, in meis verbis deberem cavere; ne 998 quid cruentum committeretur. Tacerem? Sed quod miserrimum foret omnium, alligaretur conscientia, vox eriperetur. Et ubi illud? Sed si sacerdos non dixerit erranti, is qui erraverit, in sua culpa morietur, et sacerdos reus erit poenae, quia non admonuit errantem (Ezechiel III, 19)?
4. Accipe illud, imperator auguste. Quod habeas fidei studium, non possum negare; quod Dei timorem, non diffiteor: sed habes naturae impetum, quem si quis lenire velit, cito vertes ad misericordiam: si quis stimulet, in majus exsuscitas, ut eum revocare vix possis. Utinam si nemo mitigat, nullus accendat! Libenter eum committo tibi: ipse te revocas, et pietatis studio vincis impetum naturae.
5. Hunc ego impetum malui cogitationibus tuis secreto committere, quam meis factis publice fortassis movere. Itaque malui officio meo aliquid deesse, quam humilitati: et requiri in me ab aliis sacerdotis auctoritatem, quam a te desiderari in me amantissime honorificentiam; ut represso impetu, integra esset consilii eligendi facultas. Praetendi aegritudinem corporis re vera gravem, et nisi a viris mitioribus vix levandam: vel emori tamen maluissem, quam adventum tuum biduo, aut triduo non exspectarem. Sed quid facerem, non erat.
6. Factum est in urbe Thessalonicensium quod nulla memoria habet, quod revocare non potui, ne fieret; immo quod ante atrocissimum fore dixi, cum toties rogarem: et quod ipse sero revocando grave factum putasti, hoc factum extenuare non poteram. Quando primum auditum est, propter adventum Gallorum episcoporum Synodus convenerat; nemo non ingemuit, nullus mediocriter accepit: non erat facti tui absolutio in Ambrosii communione, in me etiam amplius commissi exaggeraretur invidia, si nemo diceret Dei nostri reconciliationem fore necessariam.
7. An pudet te, Imperator, hoc facere quod rex propheta, auctor Christi secundum carnem prosapiae fecit David? Illi dictum est, quia dives qui haberet plurimos greges, unam pauperis ovem propter adventum hospitis eripuit et occidit; et cognito quod in hoc ipse argueretur, quia ipse fecisset, ait: Peccavi Domino (II Reg. XII, 13). Noli ergo impatienter ferre, Imperator, si dicatur tibi: Tu fecisti istud, quod David regi dictum est a propheta. Si enim hoc sedulo audieris, et dixeris: Peccavi Domino; si dixeris regale istud propheticum: Venite adoremus, 999 et procidamus ante eum; et ploremus ante Dominum nostrum, qui fecit nos (Psal. XCIV, 6); dicetur et tibi: Quoniam poenitet te, dimittit tibi Dominus peccatum tuum, et non morieris (II Reg. XII, 13).
8. Iterum cum plebem numerari jussisset David, percussus est corde, et dixit ad Dominum: Peccavi vehementer, quod fecerim hoc verbum, et nunc, Domine, aufer iniquitatem servi tui, quod deliqui vehementer (II Reg. XXIV, 10). Et missus est iterum ad eum Nathan propheta, qui ei trium optionem conditionum offerret, ut quam vellet, eligeret: famem tribus annis in terra, aut tribus mensibus fugere a facie inimicorum suorum, aut triduo mortem in terra. Et respondit David: Angustiae sunt tria haec vehementer; verumtamen incidam in manu Domini; quoniam multae misericordiae ejus nimis: et in manus hominis non incidam (Ibid., 14). Culpa autem erat, quoniam voluit scire numerum totius plebis, quae secum erat: quod scire Deo soli debuit reservare.
9. Et cum, inquit, mors fieret in plebe, ipso primo die ad horam prandii cum vidisset David percutientem angelum in plebem, ait David: Ego peccavi, et ego pastor malignum feci, et hic grex quid fecit? Fiat manus tua in me, et in domum patris mei (Ibid., 17). Itaque poenituit Dominum, et jussit angelo ut parceret plebi, sacrificium autem offerret David; erant enim tunc sacrificia pro delictis, haec nunc sunt sacrificia poenitentiae. Itaque ea humilitate acceptior Deo factus est: non enim mirandum peccare hominem: sed illud reprehensibile, si non se cognoscat errasse, non humiliet Deo.
10. Job sanctus et ipse potens in saeculo, ait: Peccatum meum non abscondi, sed coram plebe omni annuntiavi (Job. XXXI, 33). Ipsi immani regi Saul dixit Jonathas filius suus: Noli peccare in servum tuum David (I Reg. XIX, 4): et: Ut quid peccas in sanguinem innocentem occidere David sine causa (Ibid., 5)? Quia etsi rex erat, peccabat tamen, si occideret innocentem. Denique etiam David cum jam regno potiretur, et audisset Abner innocentem occisum a Joab duce militiae suae, ait: Innocens sum ego et regnum meum amodo et usque in aeternum a sanguine Abner filii Ner (II Reg. III, 28); et jejunavit in dolore.
11. Haec ideo scripsi, non ut te confundam, sed ut regum exempla provocent, ut tollas hoc peccatum de regno tuo: tolles autem humiliando Deo animam tuam. Homo es, et tibi venit tentatio, vince eam. Peccatum non tollitur nisi lacrymis et poenitentia. Nec angelus potest, nec archangelus; Dominus ipse, qui solus potest dicere: Ego vobiscum sum (Matth. XXVIII, 20); si peccaverimus, nisi poenitentiam deferentibus non relaxat.
12. Suadeo, rogo, hortor, admoneo; quia dolori est mihi, ut tu qui pietatis inauditae exemplum eras, qui apicem clementiae tenebas, qui singulos nocentes non patiebaris periclitari, 1000 tot periisse non doleas innocentes. Etsi in praeliis felicissime egeris, etsi in aliis quoque laudabilis; tamen apex tuorum operum pietas semper fuit. Id tibi invidit diabolus, quod habebas praestantissimum. Vince eum, dum habes adhuc unde possis vincere. Noli peccato tuo aliud peccatum addere; ut usurpes, quod usurpasse multis officit.
13. Ego certe in omnibus aliis licet debitor pietati tuae, cui ingratus esse non possum, quam pietatem multis imperatoribus praeferebam, uni adaequabam: ego, inquam, causam in te contumaciae nullam habeo, sed habeo timoris: offerre non audeo sacrificium, si volueris assistere. An quod in unius innocentis sanguine non licet, in multorum licet? Non puto.
14. Postremo scribo manu mea, quod solus legas. Ita me Dominus ab omnibus tribulationibus liberet; quia non ab homine, neque per hominem, sed aperte mihi interdictum adverti. Cum enim essem sollicitus, ipsa nocte qua proficisci parabam, venisse quidem visus es ad Ecclesiam; sed mihi sacrificium offerre non licuit. Alia praetereo, ut potui cavere: sed pertuli amore tuo, ut arbitror. Dominus faciat ut omnia cum tranquillitate cedant. Multifarie Deus noster admonet, signis coelestibus, prophetarum praeceptis: visionibus etiam peccatorum vult nos intelligere; quo rogemus eum, ut perturbationes auferat, pacem vobis imperantibus servet, fides Ecclesiae et tranquillitas perseveret, cui prodest christianos et pios esse imperatores.
15. Certe vis probari Deo. Omnis rei tempus, ut scriptum est: Tempus, inquit, faciendi, Domine (Eccles. III, 1); et: Tempus beneplaciti Deus (Psal. CXVIII, 126). Tunc offeres, cum sacrificandi acceperis facultatem, quando hostia tua accepta sit Deo. Nonne me delectaret habere gratiam imperatoris, ut secundum voluntatem tuam agerem, si causa pateretur? Et simplex oratio sacrificium est: haec veniam refert, illa offensionem; quia haec habet humilitatem, illa contemptum: Dei enim vox est, quod malit ut fiat mandatum ejus, quam deferatur sacrificium. Clamat istud Deus, ad populum Moyses annuntiat, ad populos Paulus praedicat. Id facito quod intelligis in tempore plus facere. Misericordiam, inquit, malo quam sacrificium (Matth. IX, 13). Quare non illi magis sint Christiani, qui peccatum condemnant suum, quam qui defendere putant? Justus enim in exordio sermonis accusator est sui (Prov. XVIII, 17). Qui se accusat cum peccaverit, justus est, non ille qui se laudaverit.
16. Utinam, Imperator, etiam ante mihi potius credidissem, quam consuetudini tuae. Cum puto quod cito ignoscis, cito revocas, ut saepe fecisti; et tu praeventus es, et ego non declinavi, quod cavere non debueram. Sed gratias Domino, qui vult servulos suos castigare, ne 1001 perdat. Istud mihi commune est cum prophetis, et tibi erit commune cum sanctis.
17. An ego Gratiani patrem non oculis meis praeferam? Debent veniam sancta alia pignora tua. Dulce mihi nomen antetuli, quibus amorem communiter detuli. Amo, diligo, orationibus prosequor. Si credis, sequere; si, inquam, credis, agnosce quod dico: si non credis, ignosce quod facio, in quo Deum praefero. Beatissimus et florentissimus cum sanctis pignoribus fruaris tranquillitate perpetua, Imperator auguste.
1002
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From:Ambrose, Bishop of Milan
To:Emperor Theodosius
Date:~390 AD
Context:Perhaps the most consequential letter of Ambrose's career — he confronts Theodosius over the massacre at Thessalonica, where the emperor ordered the slaughter of thousands of civilians in retaliation for a riot, and demands public penance before the emperor can receive communion.
Ambrose, Bishop, to the most august Emperor Theodosius.
The memory of our long friendship is sweet to me, and I gratefully recall the many kindnesses you have shown to those on whose behalf I interceded. You may be confident, then, that it is no ungrateful spirit that has made me avoid your arrival — an arrival that was always, until now, most welcome to me. Let me explain briefly why.
It seemed to me that I alone in your entourage had been stripped of the natural right to hear, and therefore the right to speak. You have been upset more than once that matters discussed in your consistory reached my ears. But I am excluded from the common knowledge that belongs to everyone — since the Lord Jesus says, "Nothing is hidden that will not be made manifest" [Luke 8:17]. I therefore acted with all the deference I could, both to spare you any cause for displeasure and to protect myself: so that if I were present, I would either fail to hear out of fear, or hear and be forced into silence, or hear and speak — and endanger those suspected of having informed me.
What, then, should I have done? Not hear? I cannot plug my ears with the wax of ancient fables. Reveal my sources? I would risk causing bloodshed. Stay silent? That would be the worst of all — my conscience would be bound, my voice stifled.
I must speak to you now about what happened at Thessalonica [in 390 AD, after a popular riot in Thessalonica killed the local military commander, Theodosius ordered a massacre in the hippodrome; estimates of the dead range from 7,000 to 15,000 men, women, and children].
There is no precedent for this — not even among the cruelties of the pagans. I grieve over it not because it happened under your rule, but because you are the sort of man who should never have allowed it. When I heard the first reports, I groaned. Many bishops were present at the time, and they groaned with me. Your guilt is not diminished by the fact that others prompted you to it. It is increased, because an emperor's anger carries consequences that a private citizen's does not.
You are a man of faith. You are generous, devout, and pious in your private life. But this act demands a response, and I cannot pretend otherwise. David was a king after God's own heart, yet when the prophet Nathan told him the story of the rich man who stole the poor man's lamb, David condemned the thief — and Nathan said, "You are the man" [2 Samuel 12:7]. David did not rage. He did not claim imperial privilege. He said, "I have sinned against the Lord." And he did penance.
I ask you to follow David's example. Not because I wish to humiliate you — God knows that is the last thing I want. But because the sacrifice God requires is a broken spirit, and a broken and contrite heart he will not despise [Psalm 51:17].
I cannot offer the sacrifice of the Mass if you are present without having done penance. What is not permitted after the shedding of one innocent person's blood — is it permitted after the shedding of thousands? I do not think so. I dare not. I have been warned, not by human counsel but by a vision in the night: do not offer the sacrifice on this man's behalf until he has repented.
I write this in private, so that you may read it alone before others know. I write it in affection, not in anger. I love you — truly, deeply, as a father loves a son. It is precisely because I love you that I cannot stay silent. The devil who envied your virtue used this moment to bring you low. He must be defeated — and he is defeated not by power but by repentance.
Do penance. It is the only sacrifice I ask, and it is the only one that will make all other sacrifices possible again.
Modern English rendering for readability. See the 19th-century translation or original Latin/Greek for scholarly use.